“Unity of Three Religions”: the Philosophic Motivation and the Historical Destiny of the Folk Religions During Ming and Qing Dynasties
Zhou Yumin (Shanghai Normal University)
Abstract: Influenced by the thought of “unity of three religions”, the philosophy of the mind of Lu Jiuyuan(陆九渊)and Wang Yangming(王阳明)developed a new doctrine of folk religions flourished during late Ming dynasty, which believes every one could to becoming immortals or Buddhists through practicing the inner alchemic Daoism(内丹道).The new highest goddess, Wusheng Laomu(无生老母)and immortals and Buddhists she pointed to descend into the world, who directed this method of cultivate to deliver all living creatures from torment, become the main doctrine of those new folk religions rose in late Ming dynasty. There seemed to be a popular movement of the practice of the inner alchemic Daoism, which lasted more than two hundred years from late Ming to middle Qing dynasty. However, the worship of Maitreya Buddha, who should to descend in the country ruled by the dharma king at the Hongyang kalpas(红阳末劫)and to be the ruler of a new world, revived in early of 17th century, and reinforce by both thoughts and movements of the rebelling Qing dynasty and rebuilding Ming(反清复明),strengthened by Qing’s suppress to folk religions. The popular practicing movement of the inner alchemic Daoism had been fading since late 18th century, the thought of the“unity of three religions” was marginalized by the orthodox Confucian in 19th century, the traditional worship stricture of Maitreya Buddha disintegrate to avoid suppress by government, too.
Keywords: Philosophy of the mind;Unity of Three Religions;Inner alchemic Daoism;Folk religion